Common Threads in George Orwells 1984 and Todays Society Essay

Common Threads in George Orwells 1984 and Todays SocietyBig familiar is Watching You(Orwell 5). This simple phrase has become the cornerstone of the conspiracy theorists dialog. George Orwell may have writing a cautionary novel with 1984, but there is unforesightful possibility that he could have foreseen how close to reality his novel would truly become. In the past 50 years, the world has become a much to a greater extent dangerous place. Along with this danger has come a call for governments to do more to protect their citizens. This Protection has changed over the years, but it has become more and more invasive in order to protect the populations from various(a) threats.Orwell introduces the reader to a future where the government monitors every citizen through a telescreen. These telescreens broadcast news and various government sanctioned facts at all times, but they also, Received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low wh ispering would be picked up by it(Orwell 6). These devices can also visually monitor Winston as long as he is within its field of vision. Obviously, in the slow 1940s, no such device actually existed, but since then, governments have developed many other forms of electronic intrusion into their citizens lives. In London today, there is a ring of steel, which was set up to protect the citizens from terrorist acts. This ring is actually a system of cameras, which can zoom in on individual faces and accredit them from a database of millions of red-listed individuals. This is probably the closest a society has come to actually installing actual telescreens in homes. Our Constitution protects us from being spied on in our homes like the citizens of Oceania... ...e world of human persecution, walking around inside of it, and reproducing it in literary form(220). 1984 is exactly that then, a literary warning to all readers of the ultimate in human persecution, where individuals do not e xist, and forces controlling society have complete and utter control over all aspects of their minions lives. Our own age has fall into the majority of the pitfalls presented in 1984, if you have committed any crime, misrepresented yourself in any way, or simply taken out a library confine that has been black listed, you can be punished by law without ever having the faintest idea of being monitored. Knowing this, and knowing where we could end up hopefully helps us to be able to correct our mistakes before they are taken too far and we end up in the basement of Miniluv.Works CitedOrwell, George. 1984. London Secker and Warburg, 1949.

Binary Oppisition Essay -- Greek, Corinthian Women

Binary OppositionIn Greek tragedy in that location are many themes that are contrasted with severally other. This is known as binary opposition, which s defined as a contrast of themes that are the opposite poles of each other. There are many conflicts in Euripides Medea and Bacchae perhaps the three most conspicuous oppositions are rational versus irrational, foreigner versus natives, and stereotypical dichotomy of female and male. The firstborn binary opposite in Euripides plays are rational versus irrational thin magnate, his characters are changing constantly within the plays there are a couple of characters that cincture in a rational thin index which they do not favor any side of the conflict. In Medea, Euripides showed rational thinking through the emit, who are matrimonial Corinthian women they lend Medea support in time of need and gives advice as a friend and not as foe, when she would talk and act irrationally (Medea 173-82). The Chorus does agree that Jason wrongs a nd betrays Medea by breaking their oath of marriage (Medea 131-42 208, MLA unit 6 info from). But they do not take it to the extreme thinking as Medea does and explains to her that if she does go through with her plans of revenge that no city, no friend, will pity Medeas pain (Medea 657-58). The Chorus even advises her that killing her children and her enemies is wrong and just to give up her plans (Medea 813). In the same way, Euripides play the Bacchae has rational and irrational thinkers, they are Cadmus the old king and Tiresias the prophet, and on the contrary of rational is the irrational thinkers who are Pentheus the current king and Dionysus the god. Cadmus and Tiresias are the only two men who stay rational throughout the play. They agree that there is ... ...ety. In Euripides play Medea, she uses the stereotype of woman to gain trust, an superfluous day in Corinth, and what is expected of the men and women in society. The conversation between Creon and Medea, he orders her to go from this land, but Medea starts to use the submissive woman on the king as to gain a day. She told the king not to be afraid of me, Creon, I havent the means to do harm to men who are the rulers, and manipulating king to let her stay one to a greater extent day in Corinth because of her children to have pity on them (271-356). In fact, Medea manipulates Jason by asking him to take the kids and not allowing them to be exiled out of Corinths. Medea uses that even gifts persuades the gods and that gold is stronger than gold, to trust her in giving a gift to his new bride as the spirit of luck is with her to grow her fortune more (947-975).

Book Review of Plagues and Peoples by William H. McNeill Essay

William H. McNeill makes a monumental contribution to the knowledge of humanity in his book Plagues and Peoples. He looks at the narration of the world from an ecologic point of view. From this viewpoint the history of human civilization is greatly impacted by changing patterns of epidemic infection. Plagues and Peoples suggests that the time scale of world history...should be viewed through the domestication of epidemic sickness that occurred between 1300 and 1700 (page 232). Domestication is perceived as a fundamental breakthrough, directly resulting from the two great transportation revolutions of that age - one by land, initiated by the Mongols, and one by sea, initiated by Europeans (page 232). This book illustrates how mans environment and its resident diseases have controlled human migration, as well as societal successes and failures. McNeill discusses the political, demographical, and psychological effects of disease on the human race. He informs his audience that epidemics are still a viable threat to society, and warns of potential future consequences. Since Plagues and Peoples covers several subjects of knowledge, he helps the reader clear key concepts by fully explaining parasitism and its dependence on humans and animals. People in the field of history, which make up a majority of this books audience, would need more insight into epidemiology to grasp its key concepts. It would not be likely for a historian to be knowledgeable in a branch of medical knowledge that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in populations. There is a lot of information presented in the text. This is why McNeill has to be careful with the organization of concepts in his book. M... ...ur current political, demographical, and psychological state will surely be altered. McNeills argument is important because it forces everyone to rethink humanitys role in history. His thesis enables one to take a step endure from trivial deta ils and truly examine the larger picture. History classes have always viewed life and events from a political and military point of view. They should consider program line this approach to history as well. Plagues and Peoples is a very insightful book, that explains in fine detail the causes and events that built up the disease pool. Once reading Plagues and Peoples, history will never seem quite the same. Works CitedPlagues and Peoples. By William H. McNeill. (New York Anchor Books A division of Random House, Inc., 1976 and Preface 1998. Pp. 7 + 365. Acknowledgements, preface, map, appendix, notes, index.)

Women in the Workforce Essay example -- Gender Studies

As the times change, so do the standards. Women previously have been looked at as home take awayrs, housewives, subordinates. In this new century, this has changed dramatically. Not only have women seek extensive amounts of education, they have sought means to expand and solidify their skills. Although women continue to face discrimination, the qualifications of the playing field have leveled out. According to the United States Bureau of application Statistics (2012), in 2011, women accounted for 47 percent of the workforce (ages 16 and over). Their occupations varied, as well as their marital status and their status as a mother.Also, according to the U.S. division of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration (2011), 14 percent of households are headed by single women, whereas only 6 percent of households are headed by single men. in that respect are to a greater extent households headed by women, which means more women are the sole earners of income in their household. The workplace plays a critical role in the lives of women. In addition, more women than men aged 24-35 earned college degrees based on 2007-2008 data (U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, 2011). This is a more educated workforce with the possibility to make a significant impact in the areas of advancement (e.g. innovation), knowledge transfer (e.g. mentoring), and leadership (e.g. management).Consequently, the policies of companies that employ women can have a positive or invalidating effect on their households, career advancement and earning potential, as well as the lives of those that depend on them. Mary Van der Boon (2003) in her article titled, Women in international management An international perspective on womens ways of leadership, descri... ...sidered as a matter of respect. Secondarily, when having to travel to areas women have never traveled before their safety is of highest concern. So surely, gender should be aggressively considered in terms of safety and cultural respect.Works CitedBloch, S. (2011). Expat women Job & careers abroad. Retrieved from http//www.expatwomen. com/expat-women-jobs-careers-abroad/8-steps-to-dissolving-the-glass-ceiling-susan- bloch.phpDrury, M. (2011). Women technology leaders grammatical gender issues in higher education information technology. NASPA Journal about Women in Higher Education, 4(1), 96-123.Ihlwain, M. (April, 2008). Cracks in a particular glass ceiling. Business Week, 58.Van der Boon, M. (2003). Women in international management An international perspective on womens ways of leadership. Gender in Management, 18(3/4), 132-146.

High performance work system :: essays research papers

High carrying into action work system entails greater train of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees c atomic number 18less(predicate) of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in dedicate to improved organizational performance. A high performance work system would consist1.Training.2.Performance management.3.Compensation and benefits.4.Career development.Employee train is important in both organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, riddle solving or conclusiveness making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or finding making whereas it will aid employee improve work performance and m aking decision regarding any particular problems.Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance judgment is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic valuation scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Babas operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative.Effective and appropriate hire system can military service attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many chassis or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can evidence is ski ll-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category.However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits they are employees tenure and performance, flesh of job performed, kind of business, unionization, boil or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been depict as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and market value.High performance work system essays research papers High performance work system entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regardless of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational performance. A high p erformance work system would consist1.Training.2.Performance management.3.Compensation and benefits.4.Career development.Employee training is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and making decision regarding any particular problems.Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360- degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Babas operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative.Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category.However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits they are employees tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more fo cus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value.

High performance work system :: essays research papers

richly mathematical process work scheme entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regard slight of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they atomic number 18 simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational execution. A lavishly performance work system would consist1.Training.2.Performance management.3.Compensation and benefits.4.Cargoner development.Employee develop is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. thither are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision reservation and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and m aking decision regarding any item problems.Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Babas operation. This method judge each employee in step and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative.Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and ingenious individuals who help the organization extend to its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and wages add-ons, and incentive payments. A heavy way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay sy stem in which skills define his or her pay category.However, thither are several factors that exploit compensation and benefits they are employees tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographic location, company profitability and surface of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value.High performance work system essays research papers High performance work system entails greater level of involvement, skill development, commitment, and competencies of all employees regardless of their function or level in the organization. In other words, they are simply work practice that can be deliberately introduced in order to improved organizational performance. A high perform ance work system would consist1.Training.2.Performance management.3.Compensation and benefits.4.Career development.Employee training is important in any organizations. Employee skills have to be updated and altered regularly. There are seven types of major training that organizations provide. They are interpersonal skills, technical, business, mandatory, personal management, problem solving or decision making and personal. In Kassim Baba scenario, they should provide training in terms of performance management and problem solving or decision making whereas it will help employee improve work performance and making decision regarding any particular problems.Performance management is a process establishing performance standards and appraising employee. Performance appraisal is a critical part of performance management. Some of the method are written essay, critical incidents, graphic rating scales behaviourally anchored rating scales, multiperson comparisons, objectives, and 360-degree appraisals. Graphic rating scales are suitable for Kassim Babas operation. This method rates each employee in quantity and quality of work, job knowledge, cooperation, loyalty, attendance, honesty, and initiative.Effective and appropriate compensation system can help attract and retain competent and talented individuals who help the organization accomplish its mission and goals. There are many kind or rewards and benefits such as base wages and salaries, wage and salary add-ons, and incentive payments. A good way to reward employees for the job skills and competencies they can demonstrate is skill-based pay system in which skills define his or her pay category.However, there are several factors that influence compensation and benefits they are employees tenure and performance, kind of job performed, kind of business, unionization, labour or capital intensive, management philosophy, geographical location, company profitability and size of company. Career development is more focus on the employee as an individual where it has been described as a boundary less career in which individuals rather than organizations define career progression, organizational loyalty, important skills, and marketplace value.

A Critique of the research article

This report is a summary of findings of the research conducted by Military Family Research Institute and the DOD Quality of Life agency about the issue of adaptation amongst adolescents in military families when a farm is deployed.The aim of research was to find new ways of dealing with the problems adolescents faced because of p arents deployment basically, it was done to investigate and probe their feelings about the issue, so that military and civilian program professionals could be more intentional and directed regarding developing back down programs for young people (Angela & Jay, 2005, p.12).Parental deployment can have several negative outcomes for adolescents. These include depression or negative behavioral adjustment, poor academic performance, and increased fretfulness and impulsiveness (cited in Angela & Jay, 2005).The report provided by the authors is detailed and descriptive in nature. It offers a helpful set of conclusions which can be used by professionals, family members, the parent at home, and society in general, to make them understand the impact of deployment of a parent from a childs perspective. To emphasize the importance of this research, the authors Angela J. Huebner and Jay A. Mancini, wrote the followingBecause there are just a few systematic studies of adolescents in military families, the present study marks what we hope will be the beginning of an important aviation of inquiry. The findings presented in this report should confirm observations made by professionals who work with military adolescents and provide a context for exploring new ways to avow adolescents who have a deployed parent.MethodsAdolescents between the age group of 12-18 classs were chosen from camps sponsored by National Military Family Association. This was done to simplify the process of locating and choosing children with a deployed parent. NMFA camps in Washington, Hawaii, Texas, and atomic number 31 were the ones which participated in this study. The methods used during the research were, first, evaluated and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.In all, there were 107 adolescents ranging from 12-18 years of age. These participants were thusly divided into 14 focus groups comprising of 8-10 participants each. The questions asked during the 90 min sessions were focused on determining adolescents experience with the deployment. The answers which they got were audio-taped and transcribed.It is important to crawl in some key questions which were asked to the participants. Also give below is one answer picked randomly.1. What is the worst thing about having a parent deployed? The worst time is when the phone rings because you dont know who is calling. They could be calling, telling you that he got shot or something.2. Do you see changes in your at-home parent when the other is deployed? Im like always in a bad way(p) about my mom and stuff because, again, shes always das hing everywhere shes always so freaking worn out.3. What is it like when that parent returns? Well when my protoactinium left, everythings going one way when he come back, and hes starting off right where he left so theres just a big clash and that starts a pass out of problemsLike he forgets that hes been gone for like a year or six months. So he still thinks were a lot younger and while he was gone we matured a lot over the year. And hes still trying to treat us the way we were treated a year ago.Support to adolescents can come from formal or informal sources. The questions asked in this regards was to determine the real effects both such approaches could have individually.4. Who do you go to when you are stressed?For informal supportAt first when my dad first got deployed, there was a lot of support as in like people calling, people giving us, you know, nutriment and stuff. But then as time went one, it just kind of died down and nobody really cared that he was deployed.

Failed Amendment: Protecting Slavery Essay

In 1861, an Amendment was proposed to protect the practice of bondage, known as the Corwin Amendment.. It would make it so not amendments could be made to effect the use of slavery. This is the only proposed Amendment that has the signature of the President, to not be ratified. The Presidents signature is considered unnecessary due to the face the constitutional provision that on the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses of Congress the proposal shall be submitted to the States for ratification. Two states approved this proposal, Ohio and Illinois. It is believed that Maryland also ratified the Corwin Amendment, but due to military involution during the Civil War it was never official. I believe that it was never ratified for many reasons but the main was because many state did not agree with slavery at the time, and they did not want to protect it with an amendment, they also saw that change was coming and if it was ratified, change could not happen.Technically the Corwin Amen dment is still live and it could still be ratified, although the 13th Amendment put an end to slavery. If the 13th Amendment did not make slavery illegal, it still not be ratified, especially today. Peoples views on rival rights, and racism have changed drastically, and if the Corwin Amendment was proposed today people would be disgusted. I believe that is the Corwin Amendment was even suggest America would become a very different place. many a(prenominal) citizens would change their views on the government and protest and riots would break out.

Comparing How Two Short Fiction Writers Effectively Convey a Common Theme Essay

A Visit of Charity by Eudora Welty and The Use of great power by William Carlos Williams are both engrossing short stories featuring two young female characters who must face an ailment. Eudora Welty touches on a social ailment, using an inattentive teenage fille as takeoff point, and portrays the abandonment of the elderly in a home that is as cold as the treatment they are subjected to. On the other mickle, Williams tackles a physical ailment, and he depicts how a medical practitioner will go to great lengths not to neglect his duty, make up if he encounters resistance. Welty takes on a serious, somewhat mocking tone, darn Williams is thoroughly amusing and almost comical, yet very realistic.In Weltys short story, a teenage named girl Marian is the protagonist who temporarily leaves the confines of her cloistered existence to visit a home for the aged to fulfill a requirement for Campfire Girls, a crowd that seeks to develop character in the young. Instead of gaining the expe cted social benefits from the visit, Marian ironically develops great uneasiness and retreats.Both short story titles reflect their themes and p portion, although the titles may have other implications. Visit in Weltys short story implies Marians fleeting and superficial encounter with elderly women in the institution. another(prenominal) possible meaning of the title, A Visit of Charity is that in the world of apathetic young people, there may be an instance when life offers an fortune to look beyond themselves and show helpfulness or compassion for fellow human beings. The title may be seen then as a deterrent example of Charity paying Marian a visit by offering her the opportunity to help or give solace or relief to the needy. macrocosm young and preoccupied with her personal agenda, though, she fails, as most young people do, to enrich herself from a special opportunity to reach out and be of operate to others. As for The Use of Force by William Carlos Williams, the title at first glimpse conjures a serious or frightening situation like the coating of brute force, a common subject in many literary works. In The Use of Force by Williams, we see instead the firm hand of a physician who responds to the call of duty as he over jazzs the temporary setback of an unwilling and naughty, young patient who resists him.The setting, characters, events and situations in both short stories come alive through the use of vivid language. When Welty describes the home for the aged as having walls that bounce off the winter sunlight like a block of grump (Welty 245) and corridors that smell like the interior of a clock (Welty 246), she lets readers in on the piticapable plight of the elderly women who endure not just the poorly lighten and unkempt dwelling place but also the neglect and contempt of people entrusted to care for them, or society as a whole. Welty uses a lot of similes like these as the story progresses.William likewise uses figures of speech like perso nification as he amusingly narrates his experience with the impish Mathilda, the sick child with overprotective parents who are easily swayed by her whims but who care for her well-being. Williams, for instance describes the antagonist as follows The child was fairly eating me up with her cold, steady eyes (Stuber). in that respect are also symbolisms in each short story. In A Visit of Charity, the potted plant that Marian brings to the home for the aged is just a thing or gift that is expected of a visitor. In the same way, the elderly ladies are placed in the home because it is the right thing to do, even if they are not given the genuine warmth and attention they deserve as human beings. In The Use of Force, the parents of the sick child represent a bygone era, when medicine was not yet fully developed as a science and old-fashioned remedies were resorted to. The doctor may therefore represent the westerly worlds modern man or savior of those afflicted with illness.In A Visit of Charity by Eudora Welty, the main character desires or concentrates on her own personal advantage. In contrast, The Use of Force by William Carlos Williams depicts a doctors selfless concern to be of help to his patient. In both short fiction stories, the characters interact and engage in dialogue as part of a first-time encounter.The dialogue breathes life to the personalities of the characters, allowing readers to visualize and relate to them better, while also advancing the plot and making the story even more interesting. Both authors lend credibility to the main characters views by first establishing their age, gender. task or occupation, and the social class they represent as seen from their mode of dressing and speech.Overall, both William Carlos Williams and Eudora Welty are masters of the short story form who are effectively able to convey important social themes through imagery and characterization, among other elements of short fiction.Works CitedStuber, Irene. The Use of Force by William Carlos Williams (1883-1963). Classic Short Stories. 1995. 17 July 2008 .Welty, Eudora. A Visit of Charity. Modern Satiric Stories The Impropriety Principle. Ed. Gregory Fitzgerald. Illinois Scott, Foresman and Company, 1971. 245-246.

An analysis of Ocean Park Essay

1. Introduction Hong Kong sea putting surface is considered as a angiotensin converting enzyme of worlds largest marine park, located on the south end of Hong Kong Island. The three melts ar located on the headlands of Brick Hill, while the other two section is located in the Wong Chuk Hang V each(prenominal)ey lowlands and Tai Shue Wan. It is considered as one of the largest ocean in the world, having an area of 870,000 square metres (2013). This paper will focus on analyze the external milieu such as the economic and culture aspect that can affect the relationship of the organization to their customers, key to understanding their bushel on the industry.Furthermore, it will focus on the internal environment of the organization such as its core competency, together with its strengths and weaknesses. There are various forces that shape the Marco Environment. Following is the detailed analysis based on the above dimensions 2. analytic thinking of naval special Ks Environmen t Strategic position To understand the work environment that nautical special K is operating, we will examine it by the PEST Framework, and the SWOT analysis. 2. 1PEST analysis 2. 1. 1 Political issues Launch of individual visit organization (Pos +)The Individual Visit stratagem was first introduced in four Guangdong cities on 28 July 2003 as a liberalisation measure under the Closer frugal Partnership Arrangement. There were 4. 3 million Mainland visitor arrivals to Hong Kong under this scheme in 2004, master(prenominal)land China become No. 1 extraction guest of Ocean viridity (Table 1. 1). The railway scheme for the south-central Island Line1 (Pos +) The South Island Line (East) will be connecting the MTR network at Admiralty to the grey District of Hong Kong, via new-made stations at Ocean greens.Construction of the South Island Line (East) commenced in 2011 for completion expected in 2015. In addition, there will be expanding tourism in the Southern District and li nk Aberdeen with Ocean Park. Amendments to the Marriage Ordinance (Pos +) In 2005, the government approved a new policy on marriage registration. There is no limitation on choosing place for registering a marriage. The couples can registration on different place of worship with advance application for competent minister. All these domiciliate new business opportunities for Ocean Park. 2. 1. 2Economic trends gross domestic product Growth in China and Hong Kong (Pos +).While 2008- 2009 Hong Kong struggles with financial tsunami, one yr after the gross domestic output (GDP) grew by a remarkable 9. 3% (Figure 1) in real terms and Chinas GDP growth seen as stable. Thats able to stomach a stable economic environment to Ocean Park which able to sustain its development. GDP growth (annual %) in Hong Kong and China Fig 1 GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, Source form count and Statistics Department and National bureau of statistics of china Employment rate in HK (Pos +) The unemployment rate fel l from a high of 8. 6% in the second quarter of 2003 to a near three-year low of 6.5% in the fourth quarter 2004. Hong Kong consumer spending maintained noteworthy growth throughout the year since they are optimistic of the economic outlook and improving labour market conditions. Underemployment rate (%)2006201020112012 4. 84. 43. 43. 4 Fig 2. Source from Census and Statistics Department2 2. 1. 3Cultural and social values and trends The demographic distribution of Hong Kong and China (Pos +) Ocean Park is geared toward families conjure ups, kids, and grandparents. From fig 3 it shows the family size of Hong Kong are getting smaller, that means parent are able to spend more money on their spoiled kids.On the other hands, Chinas one-child family policy has had a bang-up work on living standards, the mainland traveler are willing to spend money on travel. Domestic Households by Household war paint and Household Size, 2006 and 2011 20112006 Household Composition Household size Com posed of couple and unmarried children 1nilnil 2nilnil 3382 704344 436 4390 839400 360 5135 293140 382 6 and over25 37934 172 Fig 3, Source Census and Statistics Department 2011 Annual event for attraction (Pos+) Events are the main reason of the attractions business.They acknowledge this early and hold different annual events such as Chinese New Year, Summer, Halloween and Christmas. The Halloween Bash has become an iconic Halloween event in the region and guests from Hong Kong, mainland China and overseas has shown biggest support in October and over the years. The case successfully spread Halloween culture to their visitors and bringing a new experience to the tourists from mainland. 2. 1. 4Technology Analysis New web site to promote and events (Pos+) With the increasing use of internet, it becomes an cardinal link for marketing and customer relationship.The internet can offer a great connection with huge and immeasurable possible market. The website will keep updating Ocean Parks latest information, news, promotion and more interactive function can be added in. 2. 2SWOT Analyze Education, fun and safety are the values which Ocean Park stresses. Apart from that Ocean Park key likewise provides all tourists with an experience in natural scenic environment and exotics physicals (Appendix 1). However, increased competition may result in a further downward price wardrobe and affect the companys financial condition and result of operation.StrengthsWeakness Unique animals are selling point in ocean Park. Ocean Park is recognized as icon of Hong Kong. Reasonable price of tickets Limitations on land development as its hilly. Facilities are relatively old an unattached. Opportunities Individual Traveling Scheme was carried out in 2003. Strong economy growing in China. Support of local government. Higher demand of diversion from the public. Threats Competition and challenges from HK Disneyland. More attractive points in the neighboring countries. Strengths U nique animals are selling point in Ocean Park.Grand Aquarium, marine creature are unique selling point inside the OP. The main strengths of OP focus on their offering of animals, fun and education to the tourists. OP tries to present the natural behavior of animals to enable people to see them in a germinal way. The key is finding a balance betwixt human frolic and natural environments. That makes OP different from a lot of theme parks in the world. They also offer a differentiation advantage because it is considered as bigger than the HK Disneyland, thus enabling OP to offer more and new features and shows than Disneyland.Compare with Disneyland, they are focuses on masking the reality regarding the nature, while Disneyland focuses on fantasy. Ocean Park is recognized as icon of Hong Kong and has established a good image. OP is a Hong Kong park its rattling local and they have generational values. Its been around longer than 30 years and there is a connection to the market. me ss go to the park as children and now they are bringing their children. Reasonable price of tickets Ocean Park offers cheaper ticket costs HK$280 for adult and HK$140 for children, compare to HK$450 for adult and HK$320 for child of Disneyland.Tickets are offered at a reasonable price which can be afforded for most people and attract more visitors easily. Theme ParkGeneral Admission TicketChild TicketSenior Ticket Disneyland$450$320$100 Ocean Park$280$140Free Fig. 5 Comparison of ticket prices of Ocean Park and Disneyland. Source form Ocean Park and Disneyland website. Weakness Limitations on land development as its hilly. Structure of geographic location is the main disadvantage. This is ascribable to the fact that they have the limitation on the land development because the location is hilly. Facilities are relatively old and unattached.9 Although OP started the renovation works but it would not be completed in a short time. The maintenance expense is higher. The fact that they is considered as an oldest amusement park in Hong Kong, there are different facilities that are old and un-attractive. Opportunity Individual Traveling Scheme The main opportunity of Ocean Park is launch the Individual Traveling scheme. That had helped to improve the number of the visitors. (Table 1. 3) The stable economy growth in Mainland also improving middle class with hygienic purchasing power helped to increase the demand of outbound travel.Mainland traveler becomes a main guest source of OP. Now they have Chinese acrobatic shows, which are relevant to the market they serve. Support of local government Ocean Park has a strong marketing support from the government that recommends to the foreign visitors. It is also important to consider the development of new transportation South Island Line that would cause convenience and fast access direct to the park for the visitors. Higher demand of entertainment from the public as economic growth stably. Threats Competition Disneyland I n Hong Kong amusement park industry, one of the threats that must be considered is Disneyland.The main influences because they were bringing a initiatory standard of entertainment and service that Ocean Park unable to match at that time. Furthermore, it targets the children, thus the whole family because of the different sexs and attractions that focuses on different well-known Disney characters. On the other hand, the main disadvantage is that most of the mainland Chinese doesnt have those strong attachments with Mickey and friends and other Disney characters. These aspects are important for the company because most of the visitors of the outlandish come from mainland China.3. Conclusion As of now, Ocean Park is enjoying a comfortable position in the amusement industry. The main reason for the success of Ocean Park is because the support from the government that can be seen the implemented for easy access of the said place. With the launch of Individual Visit Scheme, mainland Chi na becomes a main source of Ocean Park. The Mainland market is driving Ocean Parks growth. Increasing GDP and low unemployment rate provide a stable economic environment to Ocean Park which able to sustain its development.For all the positive factors, it shows Ocean Park will grow faster than average. OP was able to use the culture in order to attract more locals and foreign visitors, as well as the current spread of the environmental awareness, which enables the organization to incorporate education and thrill in their features and services. That is the reason why it is frequently visited by families from different part of the globe. Furthermore, the organization had been focuses on the cost and differentiation create as two important private-enterprise(a) advantages. It had been offer an affordable ticket with fun experience.It is also important for the company to use its unique innovative reform, competitiveness of enterprises and expanding the scope of business and achieved goo d results to against its competitor. This is due to the fact that Disneyland is currently into renovation process, in order to regain their competitive position in the market. Ocean Park has now entered the second phase of the intricacy plan, the further enhance the competitive strength of the Ocean Park is expected to become a worlds best marine theme park. summon 1. MTR South Island Line (East) Key Information Summary.2013. MTR South Island Line (East) Key Information Summary. ONLINE visible(prenominal) at http//www. mtr-southislandline. hk/en/key-information/summary. html. Accessed 14 May 2013. 2. Overview Census and Statistics Department. 2013. ONLINE Available at http//www. censtatd. gov. hk/hkstat/sub/so30. jsp. Accessed 18 May 2013. 3. Vision and Mission Corporate Information Ocean Park Hong Kong. 2013.. Available at http//www. oceanpark. com. hk/html/en/ baby-walker/corporate-information/vision. html. Accessed 13 May 2013. 4. Hong Kong Economy Hong Kong Economic Trends. 2013.ONLINE Available at http//www. hkeconomy. gov. hk/en/trends/index. htm2. Accessed 13 May 2013. 5. Press Release Corporate Information Ocean Park Hong Kong. 2013 Available at http//www. oceanpark. com. hk/html/en/footer/corporate-information/press/press. php? id=592. Accessed 16 May 2013. 6. Gross Domestic Product for the 4th quarter 2004 and the whole year of 2004 Census and Statistics Department. Available at http//www. censtatd. gov. hk/press_release/press_releases_on_statistics/gdp/gdp_4q2004/index. jsp. Accessed 18 May 2013. 7. Labour Overview Census and Statistics Department.2013. ONLINE Available at http//www. censtatd. gov. hk/hkstat/sub/so30. jsp. Accessed 18 May 2013. 8. Ocean Park toilet (2012), Annual Report, Page 96 9. EMSD completes investigation into helium balloon ride incident at Ocean Park. 2013. EMSD completes investigation into helium balloon ride incident at Ocean Park. ONLINE Available at http//www. info. gov. hk/gia/ prevalent/201208/30/P201 208300416. htm. Accessed 18 May 2013. Exhibit 1 Hong Kong tourism statistics Table 1. 1, An overview of the latest general tourism statistics. 2013 Visitor Arrivals (Year-to-date) 12,742,332.Major Market AreasMar 2012Mar 2013Growth (%) All Countries3,709,4844,087,286+10. 2 The Americas167,827165,247-1. 5 Europe, Africa & the Middle East219,777235,706+7. 2 Australia, New Zealand & South Pacific66,14568,459+3. 5 North Asia210,918183,919-12. 8 South & Southeast Asia329,028351,684+6. 9 Taiwan154,942165,455+6. 8 Mainland China2,497,0612,842,002+13. 8 Source from Hong Kong Tourism Board In 2011, Mainland China continued to be the largest visitor source market of Hong Kong with 28. 1 million arrivals (+23. 9%), accounting for 67. 0% of our total arrivals. Amongst all Mainland arrivals, 14.5 million (51. 6%) were same-day visitors, up by 31. 7% year-on-year. 65. 3% or 18. 3 million visitors came to Hong Kong under the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS), up by 28. 8% over 2010. Table 1. 2 Total Tourism Expenditure Associated to inbound Tourism Tourism Expenditure fromJan-Dec2011 (HK$Mn)Jan-Dec2012 (HK$Mn)Growth (%) Overnight Visitors166,694. 05185,841. 44+11. 5 Same-day In-town Visitors39,358. 0952,606. 33+33. 7 Cruise-in / Cruise-out Passengers 70. 8274. 935. 8 Total Tourism Expenditure Associated to Inbound Tourism258,722. 71296,563. 77+14. 6 Source from Hong Kong Tourism Board.Table 1. 3 Hong Kongs Top 5 tourist attraction (000) Leading Visitor Attractions2009201020112012 Total59,326. 261,438. 863,634. 165,774. 9 Other Visitor Attractions28,952. 529,286. 130,118. 030,789. 2 Victoria Peak9,150. 19,608. 89,990. 610,359. 5 Ocean Park4,985. 25,242. 85,472. 55,722. 4 Peak Tramways4,930. 95,434. 65,727. 16,051. 3 Disneyland4,664. 34,970. 25,218. 05,525. 1 Clock Tower2,178. 92,313. 72,399. 02,486. 3 Wong Tai Sin Temple1,989. 02,028. 72,080. 82,137. 7 Tian Tan Buddha1,544. 31,586. 21,629. 01,670. 7 Hong Kong Wetland Park456. 3470. 0477. 3486. 7 Noahs Ark474.6497. 7521. 8545. 9 Source from Travel and Tourism Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics Table 1. 4 touring car Attractions Sales HK$ million200620072008200920102011 imposture Galleries 15. 115. 415. 816. 116. 917. 5 Casinos Circuses Historic Buildings/Sites 202. 1205. 7209. 4215. 7221. 0225. 5 Museums 48. 352. 368. 052. 353. 354. 6 National Parks/Areas Of Natural Beauty 633. 0662. 5685. 7713. 1738. 0765. 3 Theatres Theme/Amusement Parks 2,512. 02,007. 92,188. 63,434. 53,674. 93,940. 3 Zoos/Aquariums Other Tourist Attractions 296. 9325. 6332.1345. 4357. 5372. 8 Tourist Attractions 3,707. 43,269. 43,499. 64,777. 15,061. 75,376. 0 Source Euromonitor International from official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, trade interviews, trade sources Table 1. 5 Tourist Attractions Visitors 000 people200620072008200920102011 Art Galleries 748. 8775. 8791. 3795. 3827. 1851. 9 Casinos Circuses Historic Buildings/Sites 5,573. 25,701. 45,786. 95,931. 66,139. 26,323. 3 Museums 4,600. 04,839. 26,049. 05,202. 15,176. 15,251. 7 National Parks/Areas Of Natural Beauty 17,832. 018,402. 618,954.719,618. 120,402. 821,263. 8 Theatres Theme/Amusement Parks 9,659. 29,141. 79,415. 09,516. 510,070. 810,684. 7 Zoos/Aquariums Other Tourist Attractions 15,783. 816,573. 016,854. 717,444. 617,968. 018,617. 2 Tourist Attractions 54,197. 055,433. 657,851. 658,508. 260,584. 062,992. 5 Source Euromonitor International from official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, trade interviews, trade source Table 1. 6 Forecast Tourist Attractions Sales HK$ million201120122013201420152016 Art Galleries 17. 518. 118. 619. 119. 519. 9 Casinos .Circuses Historic Buildings/Sites 225. 5229. 5233. 2236. 5239. 3241. 7 Museums 54. 655. 856. 857. 858. 759. 4 National Parks/Areas Of Natural Beauty 765. 3789. 8811. 9832. 2850. 5867. 5 Theatres Theme/Amusement Parks 3,940. 34,176. 74,385. 54,561. 04,697. 84,801. 1 Zoos/Aquariums Other Tourist Attractions 372. 8385. 9397. 5407. 4415. 6421. 8 Tourist Attractions 5,376. 05,655. 75,903. 56,113. 86,281. 36,411. 4 Source Euromonitor International from official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, trade interviews, trade sources Table 1.7 Ocean Park Revenue Breakdown 2012 HK$ Million2011 HK$ Million Admission Income1,109. 4881. 6 Merchandise Income164. 0144. 9 Catering Income262. 3195. 5 Others32. 726. 7 TOTAL1598. 21,248. 7 Source Ocean Park Corporation (2012). Annual Report Appendix 1 Background of? Ocean Park Ocean Park has long been established as an iconic attraction in Hong Kong visited by both local residents and tourists. As a result the Park has become part of Hong Kongs heritage. The Master Redevelopment Project of the Park, with its many new attractions, commenced in 2006 and was completed in 2012.With the implementation of ongoing expansion programme, the Park has been remaining very popular, with visitor number increasing to 7 million in 2012. With the co mpletion of the Master Redevelopment Plan in 2012 and the planned opening of a number of new world-class attractions from 2014, one day is not luxuriant to experience all that the Park has to offer. The Ocean Hotel will thus provide convenient accommodations for guests spending multiple days at Ocean Park, and transform Hong Kong Peoples Park into a premier international resort destination.Vision Ocean Park aspires to be a world leader in providing smooth guest experiences in a theme park environment connecting people with nature. Mission Statement Ocean Park provides all guests with memorable experiences that combine entertainment and education, while inspiring life long learning and conservation advocacy. Our aim is to maintain a healthy financial status, while striving to deliver the highest standards of safety, animal care, products and guest service Key services of Ocean ParkAnimals are the base of OP differential offeringhow they present them in their natural environments. T hey try to showcase the natural behavior of animals to enable people to see them in a way theyve not done before. The key is finding a balance between human entertainment and natural animal behavior. That makes us different from a lot of theme parks in the world. Target Market of Ocean Park Target customers of Ocean Park are general public. In different occasion, Ocean Park would concentrate on specific targets. For example, in summer.

Human Communication Process in the Small Group Context Essay

Question 5How would you rewrite some of Lams comments to show how he could have plagiarized what Kelli, Ryan, and Tamika said? Tyler has been late to meetings, because he has been caring for his sick p arents. Because he his late and missing meetings, we are missing his part of our assignment. allows just go ahead and get started and try to finish tonight. If we need another meeting, we raise meet at my place to give us more room, instead of meeting in this old stuffy room. Its good to paraphrase because, it lets to previous speaker make do if you understood what was said. If incorrect, the message can then be delivered in another way, so that the listener understands the message the speaker it trying to make (Galanes & Adams, 2010). This allows for effective communication.Question 6Which of the eight major categories of nonverbal behaviors are most relevant to this study mathematical group? Several of the eight major categories of nonverbal behaviors are expressed in this stud y group. primary of all space and seating play a part because, the group was sitting in a circle, and when Tamika pulled away from the table, it showed that she was upset about Tyler not cosmos present demonstrating kinesics. In addition, Tamika was using time cues by complaining that Tyler was late and that 20 minutes had gone by. When Kelli began to pack up her things, her movements expressed that she too was stressed about the situation. Paralanguage was used when the pitch of Tamikas voice changed as she asked the question Man, what time is it. It is evident that there was no transactional process within the group as a whole. Tamika and Kelli were expressing how they felt about Tyler on being present at the meetings.They were clearly sending a message throughout the group. As Ryan was demonstrating paraphrase by reminding the group the everyone knew that Tylers parents was sick and Lam action-oriented listening turned everyones attention back to the task of completing the pro ject. It is clear that there was pickle of nonverbal behavior with this group. Nonverbal behaviors can be interpreted by other in ways not intended. Our text states nonverbal behaviors can controvert verbal behaviors (Galanes & Adams, 2010). As we speak to another person or a group, our tone of voice and body language are also speaking for us. Its important to be aware, so that our actions arent taking away from what we are trying to speak. By observing nonverbal ques, we are able to recognize if what we are saying is being taken serious, upsetting someone, confusing or if people are in agreement.Question 7How might computer-mediated communication been used by our student group? What precautions might they take should they choose to use it to compensate for absences from meetings? Computer mediated communication could have been used in the form of photograph conference where every member can see and hear their squad member, or a chat room where all team up members can send out their work and respond to other members work.They could attach their assigned work to an email and forward the work to all the members of the group this would have eliminated Tyler missing meets and Tamika being in that stuffy room. The first precaution is making sure each member has a computer or access to one. If the group is going to use the impression conference, then the group need to make sure everyone has the proper equipment and software to participate in the group project. Once the group establishes everyone has a computer or access, they need to understand how to upload their work if they decide to use the chat room as a communication channel.Question 8Given your fellow feeling of communication principals, including nonverbal messages, what advice would you give to this student group? The group in chapter two should have, communicated differently. Communication is the key to an effective group. You must communicate with your fellow team members, be open about what you a re feeling so that way tension does not build and explode making thing much worse than they have to be. Lam could have paraphrased the group feeling when he took control, and decided to start.If lam would have paraphrased, it would have let the other members know that he was listening to their concerns. The group should be more mindful of their nonverbal behavior. Lam did do a great job displaying action-oriented listening and getting the team back on track. As a group they should have focused on a solution to get Tylers part of the assignment, since they know his cast with the group. Email and video conferencing are a couple of solutions.ReferencesGalanes, G. J., & Adams, K. (2010). Human Communication Process in the Small Group Context. In Effective Group backchat (pp. 22-47, Chapter 2, pgs. 39 46, Chapter 3). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.

Cognitive science Essay

Stylistics is the larn and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it connect literary criticism and linguistics, nonwithstanding has no autonomous domain of its own. 12 The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, exactly non exclusively high literature but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion.3 Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of pardoning the peculiar(prenominal) choices do by individuals and social groups in their use of phraseology, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism. Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and peoples dialects, descriptive lyric, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular linguistic communication registers, etc.In addition, stylistics is a distinctive shape that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics looks at what is going on within the language what the linguistic associations atomic number 18 that the carriage of language reveals. * Early twentieth century The analysis of literary style goes back to Classical rhetoric, but modern stylistics has its roots in Russian cultivatealism,4 and the related Prague School, in the early twentieth century.In 1909, Charles Ballys Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussures linguistics by itself couldnt fully describe the language of in the flesh(predicate) expression. 5 Ballys programme fitted well with the aims of the Prague School. 6 Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, wh ereby poetic language stands step up from the background of non-literary language by means of deviation (from the norms of everyday language) or parallelism.7 agree to the Prague School, the background language isnt fixed, and the relationship between poetic and everyday language is everlastingly shifting. 8 Late twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s. He brought in concert Russian Formalism and American New Criticism in his Closing Statement at a conference on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958.9 Published as linguistics and Poetics in 1960, Jakobsons lecture is often credited with being the first coherent formulation of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. 10 The poetic function was ane of six general functions of language he described in the lecture. Michael Halliday is an important figure in the development of British stylistics. 11 His 1971 study Linguistic Function and Literary Style An Inquiry into the Language of William Goldings The Inheritors is a key essay.12 One of Hallidays contributions has been the use of the term register to justify the connections between language and its context. 13 For Halliday register is distinct from dialect. Dialect refers to the habitual language of a particular user in a specific geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,14 choices which depend on three variables field (what the participants ar actually engaged in doing, for instance, discussing a specific effect or topic),15 tenor (who is taking part in the exchange) and mode (the use to which the language is being put).Fowler comments that different fields produce different language, most plain at the train of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David Crystal points out that Hallidays tenor stands as a some equivalent term for st yle, which is a more(prenominal) specific alternative used by linguists to avoid ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Hallidays third category, mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation. Downes recognises two distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that non only does it describe the relation to the medium written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the genre of the text.(Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not entirely been used before, but that predetermines the selection of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the principal characteristic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and right off recognisable. (Downes. 1998, 309) Literary stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and valued language within literature, i. e.literary stylistics.He goes on to say that in such examination the scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its unnatural and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For example, the compact language of verse is more a desirely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). Poetry As well as conventional styles of language there are the unconventional the most obvious of which is poetry.In Practical Stylistics, HG Widdowson examines the traditional form of the epitaph, as found on head stone pits in a cemetery. For example His memory is dear today As in the hour he passed away. ( erneest C. Draper Ern. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very interesting and suggests that they may even be dismissed as ill-man nered verbal carvings and crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and preserve affectionate recollections of a beloved mate or family member.However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic phraseology but in where it counts. The verse may be given undue reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, unlike words set in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry are punctuated by PM Wetherill in Literary Text An Examination of Critical Methods.The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the meaning of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simp ly a collection of stylistic elements will slope to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) Implicature In Poetic Effects from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of implicature, as instigated in the previous work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson.Implicature may be divided into two categories strong and weak implicature, yet between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or reader may conclude. Pilkingtons poetic effects, as he equipment casualty the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply read in by the hearer or reader.Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or readers conjecture of meaning diverge remains extrem ely subjective. As Pilkington says there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearers responsibility. (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkingtons poetic effects in understanding a poems meaning. Stylistics is a blue-chip if wordy approach to criticism, and compels attention to the poems details.Two of the three simple exercises performed here show that the poem is deficient in structure, and pick outs to be radically redo. The third sheds light on its content. Introduction Stylistics applies linguistics to literature in the hope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, rigorous and objective. 1 The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches fill been appropriated and extended in recent years by radical theory.Stylistics can be evaluative (i. e.judge the literary worth on stylistic crite ria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyze and describe the workings of texts which draw already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Analyses can appear objective, detailed and technical, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is needed. Linguistics is currently a battlefield of contending theories, with no settlement in sight. Many critics have no formal training in linguistics, or even proper reading, and are apt to build on theories (commonly those of Saussure or Jacobson) that are irrelevant and/or no longer accepted. nigh of the commonest terms, e. g. deep structure, foregrounding, have little or no experimental support. 2 Linguistics has rather different objectives, and to study languages in their entirety and generality, not their use in art forms. Stylistic excellence intelligence, originality, density and variety of verbal devices play their part in literature, but aesthetics has long recognized that other aspects are equally important f idelity to experience, emotional shaping, significant content.Stylistics may well be hot because it regards literature as simply part of language and therefore (neglecting the aesthetic dimension) without a privileged status, which allows the literary canon to be replaced by one more politically or sociologically acceptable. 3 why then employ stylistics at all? Because form is important in poetry, and stylistics has the largest armoury of analytical weapons. Moreover, stylistics need not be reductive and simplistic. There is no need to embrace Jacobsons theory that poetry is characterized by the projection of the paradigmatic axis onto the syntagmatic one.4 Nor accept Bradfords theory of a double spiral 5 literature has too richly varied a history to be fitted into such a straitjacket. Stylistics suggests why certain devices are effective, but does not offer recipes, any more than theories of musical harmony explains away the gifts of individual composers. Some stylistic analysis i s to be found in most types of literary criticism, and differences between the traditional, New Criticism and Stylistics approaches are often matters of emphasis.Style is a term of approbation in everyday use (that woman has style, etc.), and may be so for traditional and New Criticism. But where the first would judge a poem by reference to typical work of the period (Jacobean, Romantic, Modernist, etc. ), or according to genre, the New Criticism would probably simply note the conventions, explain what was unclear to a modern audience, and then pass on to a detailed analysis in terms of verbal density, complexity, ambiguity, etc. To the Stylistic critic, however, style means simply how something is expressed, which can be studied in all language, aesthetic and non-aesthetic. 6Stylistics is avery technical subject, which hardly makes for engrossing, or therefore unbellicose, 7 reading. The treatment here is very simple just the bare finger cymbals, with some references cited. Under v arious categories the poem is analyzed in a modify manner, the more salient indications noted, and some recommendations made in Conclusions. Published Examples of Stylistic Literary Criticism G. N. Leechs A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (1969) Laura Browns Alexander Pope (1985) Roy Lewiss On Reading French Verse A Study in Poetic Form (1982) George Wrights Shakespeares Metrical Art. (1988)Richard Bradfords A Linguistic History of English Poetry (1993) Poem The Architects But, as youd expect, they are very Impatient, the buildings, having much in them Of the effectual graze of the North Sea, flurrying The grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them With a hoarse gold rush against the aggregate They are composed of the cliffs higher of course, More burdensome, underwritten as It were with past old age overcast And glinting, obdurate, part of the Silicate of elusive lives, distant and intricate As the whirring bureaucrats let in And settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, A carrying the post and the department meeting Except that these do not know it, at to the lowest degree do not Seem to, being busy, generally. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost Vacuumed afternoons with gradation upon tier Of concrete like rib-bones packed above them, And they wacky with the blue airiness Spinning around, and muzzy, a neuralgia Calling at random like frail relations, a phone Ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, That they become attentive, or we do these Divisions persisting, and then what we lambaste close, We, constructing these webs of buildings which, Caulked like great whales about us, are always.Aware that some trick of the light or weather Will dress them as friends, pleading and flailing And fill with silent but unbearable melodies Us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass. C. John Holcombe 1997 Metre Though apparently iambic, with five stresses to the line, the clip shows many reversals and substitutions. Put at its simp lest, with / representing a strong stress representing a weak stress x representing no stress, and trying to fit lines into a pentameters, we have - / x x x / - x / x But as youd ex pect they are ve ry x / x x / x / x x xIm pat ient the build ings, hav ing much in them x x x / x x / / x x Of the heav y surf of the North Sea, flurr ying x / - / x x / x / x The grit, lift ing the pebbl es, fling ing them x / - / x x / x With a hoarse roar a gainst the agg re gate x x / x / / x x / They are com posed of, the cliffs high er of course / x - / x / x More burd en some, un der writ ten as x / x / - / - / x / It were with past days o ver cast x / x / x - / x x And glit ter ing, ob du rate, part of the - / x x x / - / - / x x / x x Sil icate of tough lives dist ant and in tricate - x / x / x - / x As the whir ring bu reau crats let in x / x x / x x / x / x And set tled with cof fee in the con crete pal lets x / x x / x x / x / x A wait ing the post and t he de part ment meet ing x x / x / x x / x Ex cept that these do not know it, at least do not - / x / x / x / x x Seem to be ing bus y gen ER all y x / x x / x x / x / x So per haps it is on ly on those cloud less al most - / x / x x / x x / x Vac uumed af ter noons with ti ER u pon ti ER x / x / / - / x / x Of con Crete like rib bones packed a bove them x / / x x / / x And they light head ed, with the blue air i ness - / x x / x / x x / x x Spin ning a round and muz zy, a neu ral gia - / x x / x x / x / x x / Cal ling at ran dom like frail re lat ions a phone - / x x x / x / x x / x / x Ring ing in a dist ant of fice they can not get to x / x / x / x x / /- That they be come at ten tive, or we do these x / x x / x x / x / x / Di vis ions per sist ing, in deed what we talk a bout - / x / x x / x / x We, con struct ing these webs of build ings which - / x / / x / x x / x Caulk Ed like great whales a bout us are al ways x / x x / x x / x / x A w are that some trick of the light or weath ER / x x / - / x x / x Will dress them as friends plead ing and flail ing x / x / x x / x x / x x And fill with plac id but UN bear able mel odies - / x - / x x x / / Us in deep hint erlands of in curved glass Poets learn to presumption their senses, but even to the experienced writer these (tedious) exercises can pinpoint what the ear suspects is faulty, suggest where improvements lie, and show how the metre is making for variety, broad consistency, shaping of the argument and emotive appeal.Though other scansions are certainly possible in the lines above, the most striking feature will remain their irregularity. Many lines can only roughly be called pentameters Lines 16 and 17 are strictly hexameters and lines 27 and 28 are tetrameters. In fact, the lines do not read like blank verse. The bicycle is not iambic in many areas, but trochaic, and then insistently dactylic in lines 9 and 10, 21 and 22 and 28. Line 27 is pr edominantly anapaestic, and line 3 could (just) be scanned x x / x / x x / / x x Of the heavy surf of the North Sea flurr ying broody or meditative verse is generally written in the iambic pentameter, and for good reason the benefit of past examples, readers expectations, and because the iambic is the closest to everyday quarrel flexible, unemphatic, expressing a wide range of social registers. Blank verse for the stage may be very irregular but this, predominantly, is a quiet poem, with the fall rhythms inducing a mood of reflection if not melancholy. What is being attempted? Suppose we set out the argument (refer to rhetorical and other analyses), tabbing and reverse tabbing as the reflections as they seem more or less private 8 1.But, as youd expect, 2. they are very impatient, the buildings, 3. having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea, 4. flurrying the grit, 5. lifting the pebbles, 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed o f the 7. cliffs higher of course, more 8. burdensome, 9. underwritten as it were with past days 10. overcast and glinting, 11. obdurate, 12. part of the silicate of tough lives, 13. distant and intricate as 14. the whirring bureaucrats 15. let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, awaiting the post and the department meeting 16. except that these do not know it,17. at least do not seem to, being busy, 18. generally. 19. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier of concrete like rib bones packed above them, and 20. they light-headed 21. with the blue airiness spinning around, and 22. muzzy, a 23. neuralgia calling at random like 24. frail relations, a 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, that 26. They become attentive, 27. or we do 28. these divisions persisting, 29. indeed what we talk about, 30. we, constructing these webs of buildings which 31. caulked like great whales about us, are 32.always aw are that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends, 33. pleading and flailing and 34. fill with placid but unbearable melodies 35. us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass. The structure should now be clear. Where Eliot created new forms by stringing together unremarkable pentameters, 8 this poem attempts the reverse to recast an irregular ode-like structure as pentameters. And not over-successfully many of the rhythms seemed unduly confined. But once returned to the form of an eighteenth century Pindaric ode, however unfashionable today, the lines regain a structure and integrity.Each starts with a marked stress and then tails away, a feature emphasised by the sound patterns. 9 Sound Patterning To these sound patterns we now turn, adapting the International Phonetic Alphabet to HTML restrictions 1. But as youd expect u a U e e b t z y d ksp kt 2. They are very impatient the buildings A a(r) e E i A e e i i th v r mp sh nt th b ld ngz 3. Having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea a i u i e o e e e(r) o e aw E h v ng m ch n th m v th h v s f v th n th s 4. flurrying the grit u E i e i fl r ng th gr t 5. lifting the pebbles i i e e l ft ng th p b lz 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of i i e i e aw aw e A e a E A A a(r) o O o fl ng ng th m w th h s r g nst th gr g t th k MP zd v 7. the cliffs higher of course more e i I e o aw aw th kl fs h v s m 8. burdensome u(r) e e b d ns m 9.underwritten as it were with past days u e i e a i (e)r i a(r) A nd r t n z t w w p st d z 10. overcast and glinting O e(r) a(r) a i i v k St nd gl NT ng 11. obdurate o U A bd r t 12. part of the silicate of tough lives (a)r o e i i A o u I p t f th s l k t v t f l vz 13. distant and intricate i a a i i e d St NT nd NT r k t 14. as the whirring bureaucrats a e e(r) i U O a z th w r ng b r kr ts 15.let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets e i a e ie i o E i e o E a e l t n nd s tl d w th k f n th k Kr t p l Ts awaiting the post and the department meeting e A i e O a e E e E i w t ng th p St nd th d p tm NT m t ng 16. except that these do not know it e e a E U o O i ks pt th th z d n t n t 17. at least do not seem to being busy a E U o E U E i i E t l St d n t s m t b ng b z /td 18.generally e e a E j nr l 19. so perhaps it is only on those cloudless almost vacuumed afternoons O e(r) a i i O o O ou e aw O a U a(r) e oo s p h ps t z nl n th z kl dl s lm St v k md ft n nz with tier upon tier of concrete like rib bones packed above them and i E e(r) e o E e(r) o o E I i O a e u e a w th t p n t v k nkr t l k r b b nz p Kt b v th m nd 20. they light headed A I e e th l t h d d 21.with the blue airiness spinning around and i e U (A)r i e i i e ou a w th th bl r n s sp n ng r nd nd 22. muzzy a u E e m z 23. neuralgia calling at random like U a E a aw i a a o I n r lj k l ng t r nd m l k 24. frail relations a A e A e e fr l r l zh nz 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to that O i i i e i a o i A a o e oo a f n r ng ng n d St NT f s th k n t g t t th 26.they become attentive A E u a e i th b k m t NT v 27. or we do aw E oo w d 28. these divisions persisting E i i e e(r) i i th z d v zh nz p s St ng 29. indeed what we talk about i E o E aw e ou in d wh t w t k b t 30. we constructing these webs of buildings which E o u i E e o i i i w k nz str Kt ng th z w bs v b ld ngz wh Ch 31. caulked like great w hales about us are aw I A A e ou u a(r) k kd l k gr t w lz b t s 32. always aware that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends aw A e (A)r a u i o e I aw e e(r) i e e a e lw z w th t s m tr k v th l t w th w l dr s th m z Fr ndz 33. pleading and flailing E i a A i pl d ng nd fl l ng 34. will fill with placid but unbearable melodies i i i a i u u A(r) a e e O E f l w th PL s d b t n b r b l m l d z 35.us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass u i E i e a o i e(r) a(r) s n d p h NT l ndz v nk v d GL s Sound in poetry is an immensely complicated and contentious subject. Of the seventeen different employments listed by Masson 10 we consider seven 1. Structural emphasis All sections are structurally emphasized to some extent, but note the use (in decreasing hardness) of * plosive consonants in sections 1, 5, 6, 7, 10-13, 19, 28-50 31 and 35. * fricative and aspirate consonants in sections 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 19, 25, 28, 32, 35.* liquid and nasal consonants in sections 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31-35. Also * predominance of front vowels in all sections but 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 19 and 31. * predominance of vowels in intermediate positions only sections 16 and 17 having several high vowels and section 3 low vowels. 2. Tagging of sections banknote sections 1, 7, 13 and 15. 3. Indirect support of argument by related echoes * Widely used, most obviously in sections 3-7, 12-13, and 15. 4. Illustrative mime mouth movements apes expression * Sections 2, 6, 11-13, 19, 31 and 35. 5. Illustrative painting * Sections 3-6, 10-13, 15, 19 and 33.Most sections are closely patterned in consonants. Those which arent (and therefore need attention if consistency is to be maintained) are perhaps 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 27. Originally the poem was cast in the form of irregular pentameters. But if this is set aside in favour of the 35 section s listed above, how are these sections to be linked in a self-evident and pleasing form? A little is accomplished by alliteration * f in sections 3 to 7. * s and t in sections 12 to 15 * w in sections 29 to 32 And also by the predominance of front and intermediate level vowels, but these do not amount to much.Certainly we do not find that the overall shaping of the poem emphasizes the argument or content. Sociolinguistics Language is not a neutral medium but comes with the contexts, ideologies and social intentions of its speakers written in. Words are living entities, things which are constantly being employed and only half(a) taken over carrying opinions, assertions, beliefs, information, emotions and intentions of others, which we partially accept and modify. In this sense speech is dialogic, has an internal polemic, and Bakhtins insights into the multi-layered nature of language (heteroglossia) can be extended to poetry.11 Much of Postmodernist writing tries to be very unlitera ry, incorporating the raw material of everyday speech and writing into its creations. This poem seems rather different, a somewhat outside tone and elevated diction applying throughout. Let us see whats achieved by grouping under the various inflections of the speaking voice.* urgently confidential But, as youd expect, cliffs higher, of course, that they become attentive or we do * obsessively repetitious flurrying the grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them burdensome, underwritten overcast and glinting, obdurate * over-clever silicate of tough livesdistant and intricate constructing these webs of buildings distracted and/or light-headed except that these do not know it at least do not seem to with the blue airiness spinning around calling at random like frail relations * melancholic and/or reflective some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends pleading and flailing and fill with placid but unbearable melodies.The exercise hardly provides revelation. Heterogloss ia is an interweaving of voices, moreover, not shifts of tone or reference. And yet there is something very odd about the opening line. Why should we expect the buildings to be very impatient?This is more than the orators trick of attracting attention, since the animate nature of buildings and their constituents is referred to throughout the poem. To be more exact, the attitude of the inhabitants observers, bureaucrats, architects to the buildings is developed by the poem, and is paralleled by the tone. But why the confidential and repetitious attitude at the beginning. Why should we be buttonholed in this manner? Why the But, which seems to point to an earlier conversation, and the urgency with which that earlier conversation is being refuted or covered up? Because the blame for something is being shifted to the buildings.What error has been committed we do not know, but in mitigation we are shown the effect of the buildings on other inhabitants. Or perhaps we are. In fact the wh irring bureaucrats seem to grow out of the fabric of buildings, and we do not really know if the we, constructing these webs of buildings is meant literally or metaphorically. The poems title suggests literally, but perhaps these constructions are only of the take care sections 17, 20-29, 32 and 34 refer to attitudes rather than actions, and there is an ethereal or otherworldly atmosphere to the later section of the poem.So we return to heteroglossia, which is not simply borrowed voices, but involves an internal polemic, 12 that private dialogue we conduct between our private thoughts and their acceptable public expression. The dialogue is surely here between the zoology physicality of a nature made overpoweringly real and the fail brevity of human lives. That physicality is threatening and unnerving. If the we of the later section of the poem is indeed architects then that physicality is harnessed to practical ends. If the constructing is purely mental then the treatment is throu gh attitudes, mindsets, philosophies.But in neither case does it emasculate the nada of the physical world. Architects may leave monuments behind them, but they are also imprisoned in those monuments (us in deep hinterlands) and hearing all the time the wishful voice of their constituents. Conclusions Suggested Improvements The greatest difficulty lies in the poems structure. An pentameter form has been used to give a superficial unity, but this wrenches the rhythm, obscures the sound patterns and does nothing for the argument. If recast in sections defined by rhythm and sound pattern the form is too irregular to have artistic autonomy.A return could be made to the eighteenth century Pindaric ode in strict metre and rhyme, but would require extensive and skilful rewriting, and probably appear artificial. A prose poem might be the answer, but the rhythms would need to be more fluid and subtly syncopated. Otherwise, blank verse should be attempted, and the metre adjusted accordingly . The internal polemic is a valuable dimension of the poem, but more could be done to make the voices distinct. http//www. textetc. com/criticism/stylistics. html1. On StylisticsIs cognitive stylistics the future of stylistics?To answer this question in the essay that follows, I will briefly discuss Elena Semino and Jonathan Culpepers Cognitive Stylistics (2003), Paul Simpsons Stylistics (2004), and a recent essay by Michael Burke (2005). However, because questions are like trains one may hide another any discussion of the future of stylistics raises intractable questions about stylistics itself. French students of stylistics, for example, will come across definitions of the discipline like the following. According to Brigitte Buffard-Moret, si les definitions de la stylistique que certains refusent de considerer comme une scien

Do You Think a Persons Life Should Be Saved Regardless of the Cost? Essay

For a religious person, the fact that life is special leads on to the concept of the sanctity of life. Christianity and Islam both intend that God was responsible for creating life originally, so it is like a gift from God, so should be preserved and respected. However, some others dont conceptualize the same things. Some poeple believe that life forms evolved naturally over millions of years, leading to our society today, and so if it is not a great gift from God, it shouldnt matter as much if a persons life is interpreted under certain circumstances. Many people, be religious or not, tend to judge the quality of life on how comfortable it is or how free of pain or suffering. Others take this a step further by asking whether the individual will be able to live with freedom, lordliness and, for religious believers, the possibility of accessing or experiencing God.If a persons life has all these qualities, it is seen to be a life of good quality. However, if a persons quality of li fe is very poor, for lesson due to poverty, illness or other form of suffering, then it could be viewed that it would be okay for this person to die. Almost as if letting them rest in peace would be liberating them from a life of pain and suffering. A common example where this path is taken is if a person is on life foul in hospital and shows no signs of recovery over a long period of time. A lot of people would choose to turn of the life have got in this situation and let them die then see their loved ones struggle for longer. The value of life is also another important consideration.Religious believers wouldnt like to put a price tag on a life, as it is seen overall as priceless (being a gift from God). It wouldnt be possible to attempted to save a persons life regardless of the cost, because a price cannot be placed on a soul. However, other people would disagree a say, for example, the life of a wealthy royal is worth much more than the life of a begger or roofless person. A nd taking this into account, if the cost were viewed as too high for a begger, than it wouldnt be worth paying. In my opinon, a persons life should be protected regardless of the cost. This is because everybody has the right to life and it is nobodys place to decide who deserves it and who doesnt. Nobody knows what a person is capable of doing in their lifetime, and if they have their life taken away, nobody ever will be able to see.

Introduction To Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited Essay

HistoryFounded in 1897, Unil ever so has provided superior harvest-feasts for billions of pile through with(predicate)out the world. Generation after generation of satisfied customers have move to concur Unilevers reputation as an innovative manufacturer and commercialiseer of family and health cargon products. Today it is a multi gazillion-dollar company whose products be distri furthered in 140 countries worldwide.VisionUnilevers vision is to have its products for sale within an arms reach of every individuals desire.Mission StatementOur purpose in Unilevers is to meet the everyday needs of people everywhere to anticipate the aspirations of our consumers and customers to respond creatively and competitively with reproach products and services which raise the fiber of living.Marketing ObjectiveUnilevers charges to interact directly with its consumers. Its goals argon consumer satisfaction and qualification its consumers feel that the m whizy spent is worth the produ ct. In comparison, it distinguishes its sales objective as achieving greater acuteness in terms of sales volume and foodstuff shargon.Unilevers excellence in quality, go out and dispersal, the creative activity st singles of any consumer goods company, is the main(prenominal) moderateness behind its thundering winner and leadership in the market. The company has a clear idiom on quality and wants to provide the lift out possible products of the highest quality to its customers. It wants to grow perpetually and not stay s denouncenant. prise Brothers Pakistan LimitedLever Brothers is the largest consumer products company in Pakistan it belongs to Unilever group of companies, which makes up iodine of the largest transnational in the world. Lever Brothers Pakistan Ltd. was incorpo driftd in Pakistan in 1948. The company markets almost 50 intimately k straightawayn household soil names, like Lipton, Surf, Vim, Supreme, LifeBuoy, Lux etc. Which record approximately Rs. 20 b illion in sales.Mission Statement of Lever Brothers Pakistan LimitedWe ar a leading Consumer Product Company in Pakistan, a multi national with deep roots in the country.We attract and develop highly talented people who be excited, empowered and committed to deliver double-digit growth.We serve the everyday needs of all consumers everywhere for foods, hygiene and beauty through mark products and services that deliver the best quality and value.We strive to remain an ever simple and enterprising business organisation.We use our superior consumer understanding to produce breakthrough innovation in dents and channels.Our brands engender hearts of consumers through outstanding communication. Through managing a responsive supply chain, we maximize value from suppliers to customers.We be exemplary in our commitment to Business ethics, safety, health, environment and involvement in the community.The mission then translates into attaining a leading position in Pakistani market, by manufacturing and selling high quality consumer products that bring in the customers. The aim is to be a lean, responsive and flexible organization, operating within a culture of innovation and enterprise. In addition, the primacy of the customer is a central value of the company.The marketing objective is to amplification profitability by ontogenesis sales. By maintaining quality of products, the sales argon improving and consumer demand of Levers products is increase. Thus, profits and sales are increasing every year. In this way, the companys image is not provided maintained, but as well as meliorate very makely everywhere meter.Overview of the Beverage MarketThe trend in the drinking market of Pakistan of market value share/growth is depicted in the t fitted minded(p) below Pak. Rs. MnAs can be seen by the table given above afternoon afternoon teatimetimetime leaf leaftime is the market leader in the beverage market and is expected to retain its current positio n in the sound future. However, the growth rate of the CSDs is much faster than tea whose expected growth rate has become s setnant.An interesting point to honour here is that LBPLs share of the tea market is expected to grow steadily in the h cardinalst future despite the fact that the growth rate of the overall tea market is expected to decrease.The pie chart below shows the current 2000 value shares of the Pakistani beverage market.Total Value Rs. 47,950 billion or 548 billion Pound Sterling. Does not include one step preparation drinks (i.e. Energile, Squashes etc.), milkand non-commercial water.Total Value Rs. 54,475 million or 615 million Pound Sterling Does not include one step perpetration drinks.Overview of teatime IndustryTea is considered to be an essential usance item in many countries of the world, including Pakistan. The history of tea drinking in the subcontinent can be traced far back. It is said, that tea was introduced with the arrival of the British in the Su bcontinent and became pop in the region during the British rule. The British people were clever enough to use a strong slogan, which remained in the minds of the people. They said, In winters it provides warmth and in passs, it gives freshness.Over a period of time, the quality and preference of tea was ameliorate by the colonials. Mr. Thomas Lipton was the key person who introduced the aromatic soothing leaves, at wrongs affordable for the triplet estate man. This is one of the main reasons why Lipton even now occupies the place of the most tumefy known brand of tea in this image of the world.At present in that location are 2 kinds of tea available in the market brand and unbranded ( abstemious) tea. Therefore, the momenters are likewise of devil types, though both implication tea from the same countries. Bulk importers sell tea to retailers in informal form, musical composition the second kinfolk of bulk importers sell driveaged tea under brand names.All tea in Pakistan is imported. Therefore, tea, a traditional hospitality item in Pakistan, consumes a large amount of foreign exchange. Tea imports through legal route account for rough 200 million US dollars per year and is increment. Another 60 million kilograms of tea or nearly half as much of total inspiration of tea is pitch-black, that is imported illegally.1 According to official sources, Pakistan consumed 148 million kg in 1996, 60% of which reached the consumer as branded products. one-year black tea white plague in Pakistan is 0.9 kilogram per head slightly less than British consumption is 1.25 kilogram per person.2 Pakistan is the worlds second largest importer, after Great Britain, and may become the largest importer collectable the increase in population and unabated increase in tea consumption. Tea drinking, over time, has doubled in the main because other drinks, particularly fresh milk, have virtually disappeared as dairy production was neglected. Another reason is h igh population growth a year. About 50% of tea imports is consumed in Punjab, 30% in the NWFP, 16% in Sindh and 4% in Baluchistan.3Pakistan mainly imports tea from Kenya and other African countries like Uganda, Bu brookdian and Tanzania, while multinational companies in Pakistan also import tea from Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Bangladesh.There are unlimited quantities of smuggled tea flooding the market. The main problem at present is that smuggled tea has now taken over the market, simply because of the high tariff and taxes levied by the government on branded tea. Smuggled tea escapes all duties and levies, and therefore can be interchange cheaply, as loose tea.The cumulative import duty on tea in 1991 was 60%, 66% in 1992, 76% in 1993, 88% in 1993, 102% in 1995 and rose to 107% in 1996. founts in the market indicate that the smuggled tea is organism sold about 30% cheaper than the legally imported variety and, therefore, holds a great lure for the wholesalers.4According to one estimate, some 60 million kg of tea, representing nearly 50% of the total consumption, came into the market illegally in 1997.5 The quality of some of the tea flooding the market is admittedly high. But given that it is sold loose, there is absolutely no guarantee that adulteration is not rife in this unorganized sector. The branded tea industry has now successfully lobbied the government for duty reductions (78% cumulative duties on tea) to make smuggling unattractive.The above pie chart depicts the tea market harmonize to pack forms.Assessment of Industry AttractivenessThreat of novel entrantsMajor players enjoy significant economies of scale and have strong brand identity. Large capital requirements mandatory for setting up distribution channels and heavy advert for forward-looking entrants, to compete against study well established brands.Rivalry Among Existing CompetitorsDevaluation and import duties make domestically produced consumer goods, including tea, to a greater ext ent expensive than smuggled products. import of tea has hampered development and growth in the local tea industry. There is an oligopoly as there are only a handful of local foes in the tea industry.Bargaining Power of CustomersGenerally, retailers in Pakistan are not large volume buyers therefore they are not able to bargain for proper discounts. f number row consumers have strong brand loyalty, while low-middle class has become increasingly price conscious(p) and are therefore, not very brand loyal. Retailers are likely to stock smuggled tea due to high margin on it, and for the same reason, consumers are inc promissory noted to buy it, as it is cheaper for them.Bargaining Source Of Suppliers exalted differentiation of input for the tea industry, due to consumer preference for East African tea. Pakistan is one of the largest consumers of tea and a major market for Kenyan tea exporters.Threat of SubstitutesCoffee is a substitute for tea, but consumer propensity for it is low. Smuggling of tea products into Pakistan continues to depress Levers sales and profitability.Organizational ChartBrief History of Lipton1948- Lipton launched in Pakistan in tin pack1949- Lipton discontinued1955- Lipton reintroduced in Pakistan1974- Lipton was discontinued due to the government price embargoes 1984- Lipton re-launched in Pakistan with a big bang1987-Tea bags were added to the Lipton portfolio1989- Lipton merged with Lever Brothers1995- Lipton introduces Danedar1998- Lipton re-launched1999- Lipton re-launched with improved blend in smaller pack sizes 2000- Re-launch scheduled of Leafier BlendLipton was first introduced in Pakistan in 1948. Tea was sold in tin packs at the time. The year 1989 was a major milestone in Levers history. The tea giant Lipton was merged with Lever Brothers that year in Pakistan, five years after the international takeover of the Lipton company by Unilever. The most glorious era in LYLs life was 1984-1992 with a record growth of 70% in 1989 and the highest ever brand volume achieved in 1992. This was due to an effective advertising campaign (Nazia/Zoheb), pursuant(predicate) with good quality tea, lower taxes and limited smuggling.The table below shows the volume of sales of LYL in Pakistan over the years. YearIn 1997, Brook truss, another leading player in the tea business in Pakistan, was merged with Levers, so that Lipton and Brooke Bond, once fierce competitors in the local market now belonged to the same company.Brooke Bond had long been part of Unilever globally but in Pakistan it remained a separate entity until 1997. Lever came to realize that it did not make sense to have two Unilever companies competing with one another. A lot of synergies would be created if the two companies were merged, in the words of the former MD of Brooke Bond. The solution to any potential cannibalizing was to position the two brands differently. This effort was successful and Supreme, with its distinctive red promotion, came to f irmlyrepresent the aspirations of the people of Pakistan. Supreme cuts across class, region and gender divide. Its success is also due to the brands catering to Pakistani tastes.Lever, now owns three tea factories of which two are situated in Karachi one in SITE and the other in West quayage area. The third factory is in Khanewal, Punjab. The SITE and Khanewal factories once belonged to Brook Bond, while the West Wharf tea factory was inherited from Lipton when it was merged with Levers.Efforts had been made to grow tea in Pakistan since 1950s, but the first major step was taken in 1982 by the government. The Pakistan Agricultural Research Center was set up near Manshera. In 1989, Levers also stepped in and a Tea Research Station was set up in Shinkiari, near Manshera. With Unilever providing the expertise, the Center aims to determine whether tea can be grown in the area. Lever also seeks to establish effective plant culture technology to help the government in its tea evolution efforts. The company also intends to build a small black tea manufacturing factory near the localise and will buy the harvested tea from the farmers. In June 1998, Lever signed an agreement with those farmers interested in growing tea.SWOT Analysis of LiptonStrengthsLever Brothers is a multinational companyPowerful heritage of Lipton as front man in the Pakistani market since 1948 Familiar with psychographics and demographics of the local consumers Strong brand image and brand awareness in PakistanMarket leader as it has a 70% market share in branded tea. Larger sales forceStrong and long-term relationship with distributors, wholesalers and retailers. Sound and experienced management.Excellent marketing segment assisted by a highly regarded marketing research unit. R&D and fiscal support from parent Unilevers.The Lever-Brooke Bond merger made it possible to compete more effectively with loose tea.WeaknessesLoss of market share to Tapal in Karachi and MultanLow market share in N .W.F.P.Positioning of Lipton yellowish denounce as a premium product to which consumers have weak steamy attachmentOpportunitiesHigh rate of population growthRising literacyTea was added to the smuggled goods list in March 1998 and import duty was reduced from 45 to 25 part. This has collectively placed the entire organized tea business in a more favorable position. Market opportunity of Lipton colour denounce in countryfied areasThreatsThreat from cheaper tea smuggled into the country via border areas of NWFP and Baluchistan, seriously affecting Levers sales and earnings. Possible increase of Tapal and loose tea market sharesRising inflation, which reduces disposable income of consumers. Increasing import duties since a lot of raw(a) sensibles are imported would raise the price of its end products. Liptons profit margin is exposed to rupee devaluation.Current Market SituationTea consumption remains unaffected by macro-environmental factors, as tea has inelastic demand. For example, the consumption of tea has not increased due to the ban on meals served at weddings. However, it mustiness be noted that tea consumption falls in Ramadan.The range of heterogeneous tea brands in the market varies due to quality and taste. Both taste and marketing go together in take place out the consumer quality. Once a buyer likes a particular taste, he becomes brand loyal to it,no study how expensive or cheap the brand is. Advertisements do influence consumers a great deal, when it comes to inducing runnel of branded tea, or switching to another brand. The largest segments of consumers in the tea market are those who are switch from un-branded to branded tea.Tea is no longer a luxury in this country it has become part of our meals. Although Pakistan still imports a large amount of tea from abroad, tea still remains the cheapest form of beverage in the country.Competition in the tea industry is getting cutthroat. Loose tea, which is unbranded tea, has almost 40% of the total tea market in Pakistan. Lipton yellow-bellied stigmatise is the market leader in branded tea on pan Pakistan basis.Levers have embarked upon aggressive plans to regain the volumes and margins of the tea business. The main brands, Lipton yellowed judge (in hermetically blotto cartons) and Supreme were re-launched and to regain there lost market share together with improved margins.Lipton scandalmongering brands main competitor in branded tea is Tapal Daanedar, while in unbranded tea, loose tea provides competition. Tapal Daanedar is a very strong competitor because of several factors, The SWOT abstract is as follows SWOT Analysis of Tapal DanedarStrengthsPositive Consumer perceptionAdvantage of being Danedar, (perception of being economical and swooning to sieve) Strong brand loyaltyFrequent trade offersDedicated sales forceQuick pitch shot and removal of damaged goods.WeaknessesUnattractive furtherance (only squashy packs)Availability (only urban)Technology (no international guidance)Negligible R&DThreatsEmergence of other Danedar BrandsStiff competition from LBPL BrandsOpportunitiesRural Market penetrationCapitalize on brandsEntry in leaf segmentRegional SalesThe sales of Lipton sensationalistic articulate are monitored region wise. The table below shows the sextette regions and the sales in pctages of LIPTON discolor LABEL and its main competitor Tapal. The total sales of Rs. 8,750 million have been divided for LIPTON YELLOW LABEL into regions with the by-line percentages. And we have also given Tapal Daanedars sales break-up.Seasonal SalesLipton yellow(a) Label basically has two periods, which is the summer and winter. The seasonal sales of both Lipton yellow(a) Label and Tapal are the same. 55% of the annual sales are derived in the winters, which is the peak season and 45% of the sales are derived in the summers. Where as sales of LIPTON YELLOW LABEL in Karachi remain more or less the same.BrandAccording to the Brand Manag er, Lipton Yellow Labels consumers have discordant attributes, among which are discerning, fun loving, outgoing, elegant, and have good taste.The master brand vision key has eight distinct portions, these are 1. Competitive EnvironmentIncludes other hot drinks, soft drinks and branded water.2. TargetYoung minded outward looking people. Focus on recruitment those divergence theater or entering the work force for the 1st time. 3. Insight hoi polloi want the image and excitement of the soft drink world in drinks that are good for them 4. Benefits.Enjoying LYL together makes you feel great, amend mind and body 5. Values and PersonalityThe brand is bright, resilient, sociable, contemporary and cosmopolitan. 6. Reasons to BelieveThe bright Lipton world, the revitalizing taste and that Lipton delivers the best natural goodness of tea. 7. DiscriminatorThe excitement of soft drinks and the natural goodness of tea. 8. EssenceLipton People get more out of life.ConsumptionPer capita consum ption in Pakistan is 0.9 kg per person per annum. This translates into daily consumption of 2-4 cups per day. Per capita consumption of tea is highest in Karachi, followed by NWFP, although neither Lipton nor Tapal are strong in NWFP, as loose tea has captured 90% of the market. However, Punjab is the most profitable province on the basis of total tea consumption and it is highest in Lahore because of its population size. In other nations the per capita consumption is 2 kg.SegmentationThere are two clear segments of consumers in the market, branded tea consumers and un-branded tea consumers. In Sind, most of the cities consume branded tea, while in the rural areas both branded and unbranded are equally popular. In Punjab, the city dwellers as well as majority of rural areas is absolutely brand loyal while unbranded tea is only popular among the teashops and hotels. In NWFP and Balochistan, 90% of the population still prefer the unbranded form as it gives them the chance of seeing an d spiriting what they buy before paying for it. In addition, the mindset is such that now no other tea brand can compete because consumers are strongly brand loyal.Liptons consumers can be segmented on the basis of income strata. The income strata use by Levers have been developed by Levers own Marketing Research Department.A class consists of consumers who have disposable monthly incomes of Rs. 12,000. B class consists of consumers who have disposable monthly incomes mingled with Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 12,000. C class consists of consumers who have disposable monthly incomes between Rs. 6,500 and Rs. 8,000. Marketing combineProductLipton Yellow Label is a fast moving consumer product that caters to the A 1, A 2, B and C socio-economic classes.The tea industry of Pakistan is in the Maturity stage of the product life cycle, but Lipton Yellow Label is in the Growth stage, as it still has market potential in Pakistan.Lipton Yellow Labels main feature is that it is tea of the finest blend available. The benefits offered by Lipton Yellow Label to its consumers are good quality and good taste since it is an international brand. Brand image of Lipton is of a Discerning, Cosmopolitan, picturesque and Friendly person and this image is portrayed in all the advertising.Shelf LifeTea normally loses colors and fragrance over time. Lipton Yellow Label has a normal shelf life of one year and the shelf off-take is one week.Line ExtensionsLipton Yellow Label is available in the following line extensions Lipton Yellow Label, Finest Blend TeaLipton Yellow Label, Danedar teaLipton Yellow Label, tea bagsThey are available in the following sizes and pricesAll these brands cater to consumers of different income levels. Lipton Yellow Label is targeted towards A, B and C income groups.Re-launch of Lipton Yellow LabelDuring the recent re-launch of Lipton Yellow Labels several elements of the product were improved upon and a change in the image of the brand from a premium one to subsiste nce one, was brought about. The blend of the tea was made more superior. The sizes of the softwares have also been reduced. damageSince Lipton Yellow Label has always emphasized being an international product, of the highest quality, Lipton Yellow Label is marketed as a premium or top of the line product. A premium of 2-5% is charged on every pack.The circumferent competitor of Lipton Yellow Label, which is Tapal Daanedar , has a price of Rs.49 for its 200 gms pack, whereas a 200 gms pack of Lipton Yellow Label is priced at Rs.50. Similarly, in all other sizes, Lipton Yellow Label has maintained almost identical price premiums compared to Tapal.Lipton Yellow Label is facing a problem, in that the consumers generally perceive that the prices of Lipton Yellow Label products are very high, since it is a premium product, as compared to other competing products. Therefore, they feel Lipton Yellow Label is out of their reach. However, Lipton Yellow Label has a price premium of 4-5%, whi ch translates into not more than Rs.1 per packet in absolute terms. Lipton Yellow Label, in spite of being a premium product has a competitive price, which is not being realized by the consumers.PlacementPlacement is one area where Lipton Yellow Label outperforms all its competitors in tea industry, because of its association with Levers, which is the biggest FMCG Company operating in Pakistan. Lipton Yellow Label has a wide distribution network consisting of more than 600 distributors catering to around 140,000 outlets across the country.There are 140,000 outlets in Pakistan, which include superstores, department stores, general stores, medical stores, paan walas, grocery stores, merchants, etc. Grocery stores and merchants together provide 80% volume of Levers tea sales. Lipton has more than 600 distributors for tea. There are corporate distributors exclusively for Lipton and similarly exclusive Brooke Bond distributors.Distributors are offered a margin of around 4-5% and retailer s are offered a margin of around 10-12%. The distributor and retailer margins vary from one product size to another. But retailers get a margin of 25% on smuggled tea, which is brought in through the Afghan transit trade. Hence, retailers naturally prefer to stock and sell smuggled tea.Promotion MixLipton Yellow Label is using Asiatic Advertising agency currently, due to international alignment of Unilever. previously the advertising agency used was R-Lintas. The forward motion mix for Lipton Yellow Label comprises of around seven main activities. Different media are used in combination to increase effectiveness of promotion mix.The promotion figure for these activities is calculated by the percentage of sales method. The promotion cypher for the up- glide slope year is set in advance at the end of the current year. The budget is linked to a sales volume target. The budget is allocated according to various media and different promotion activities for every quarter. Sales volume is monitored primarily on a weekly basis to evaluate the result of promotional activities on sales volume. The budget might be reduced drastically, by as much as 10 to 40 % if it is observed that hypothetically 90 % of the budget has been spent, but only 70 % of the sales volume target has been met.We have described the various promotional activities on the basis of budget allocation, in order of importance. goggle box AdvertisingTV advertising for Lipton Yellow Label comprises of 55 % of the promotional budget. Television advertising is used mainly because its reach is higher than any other medium and hence, this acts as the most effective inducement to consumers to purchase the product according to the Brand Manager.Lipton Yellow Label is give notice (of)d through out the year on tv. On an reasonable yearly basis, Lipton Yellow Label advertises from one to two spots per day on TV. During the peak season i.e. winter (October to March) the number of slots increase to, six to eigh t slots per day. This is also true for the first week of a typical four-week consumer promotion.The duration of the advertisings is typically thirty seconds in the beginning of the advertising campaign. Then a shorter ten-second version of the same advert is aired on TV within a one-month period. The reasons for the change in the distance of the advertisement areTarget consumers have viewed the complete 30-second advertisement within the one-month period. The consumer promotion usually lasts for about a month only. The cost of the ten-second advertisement is comparatively less than the thirty-second advertisement.Sometimes there are TV advertisements designed for different regions of Pakistan to achieve different advertising objectives in those geographic areas. For example, to achieve brand awareness in a new market segment or to advertise the launch of a consumer promotion, various advertisements would be aired keeping the target market in mind. In this regard, a 20-second adv ertisement will be aired on TV in Karachi and Hyderabad before the end of the year 1999 to advertise a new consumer promotion.The current advertisement theme emphasizes uses Ali Hiader and Hadiqa Kiyani. It is believed that the campaign clearly matches the personality of the brand with that of the celebrities. Also, the vital modern and colorful images reflect the Lipton brand world at its best.Adtrack monitors the luck of Voice for TV on a weekly basis for Lipton Yellow Label, according to time slots and the TV channels used. The result for Share of Voice for 1998 for Levers as a whole was 69% and 36% for Lipton Yellow Label specifically whereas, SOV for 1999 for Lever as a whole stands at 88%, and 46% for Lipton Yellow Label. In contrast, Tapal advertises on television only during the peak season between Octobers to March. For this reason, the brand awareness of Lipton Yellow Label and Tapal shows a fissure which is in Lipton Yellow Label favor. This is also reflected in the SOV figures for Lipton Yellow Label and Tapal, as we assume that the research, which provided these figures, was conducted plainly before the peak season. Tapals SOV for 1998 stands at 31% and the SOV for 1999 stands at 12%.Outdoor Advertising xv percent of Lipton Yellow Label promotion budget is spent on outdoor advertising. Outdoors are now being used more by Lipton Yellow Label for to increase out of home visibility in shops and in the streets. The various activities under the umbrella of outdoor advertising areBillboards terminus signsSpectacularsYellow Label has about 200 hoardings all over the country, and seven spectaculars, one in Rawalpindi, and six in Karachi. These spectaculars are located in Karachi atAirport Area (90 feet x 30 feet)genus Nypa Chowrangi (60 feet x 20 feet)Guru Mander (60 feet x 20 feet)Sabzi Mandi (60 feet x 20 feet)Water Pump (60 feet x 20 feet)Clifton (60 feet x 20 feet)The rentals for these spectaculars vary. Although they differ among various cities, t he costs incurred are inclusive of KMC taxes, maintenance, erection charges, etc. On an clean, a 90 x 30-ft spectacular costs the company an approximate sum of Rs. 2 to 3 million annually, whereas a 60 x 20ft spectacular costs about Rs. 1 million per year. The average rental for hoardings on national basis is about Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 60,000, for a 20 x 10-ft hoarding. The charges per square footage are dependent on site rental, structure and what the content of the hoarding is.PrintTen percent of the promotion budget is spent on print media, which includes both newspapers and magazines. All types of local newspapers are used for various advertisements, depending on the purpose of the advertisement campaign. Similarly, different types of magazines are used for advertising.Point of Sale materialsFive percent of the promotion budget is allocated to POS materials. The point of sale material is used primarily for launches or re-launches, and there are at least 10 rounds of every promotio nal campaign for Lipton Yellow Label.The company policy is to run certain promotions in a few territories only, to achieve different marketing objectives. This would mean that some of the promotions are restricted to one region, Karachi, while others arerestricted to Lahore.For instance, the introduction of newer and smaller packs of Yellow Label was only meant for Karachi, whereas the provision of the free sachets of Surf Excel with every pack of Yellow Label was designed for Lahore. Thus, the material designed for point of sale for each promotion is different.RadioFive percent of the promotion budget is allocated to radio. The purpose of advertising on radio is to reach the rural population. Hence, Radio Pakistan is the most favored choice for advertising Lipton Yellow Label.Discounted Selling and Free SamplesTo familiarize consumers with the new blend of Lipton Yellow Label, five percent of the promotion budget is spent on discounted selling and free samples. In the words of the Brand Manager, it is used only if very confident that the promotion will be successful. It is used on a house-to-house basis in certain neighborhoods.Lipton Yellow Label is aware of the impact of good packaging in creating instant consumer recognition of the brand or product. Thus, Lipton Yellow Labels distinctive yellow packaging makes the product stand out from its competition on store shelves. The primary container is the hermetically sealed pack, which offers the following benefitsIt helps to keep the product safe from temperature changes and moisture, and thus, helps to maintain the products shelf life of one year. The sealed packing also helps in preserving the unique and superior taste of Lipton Yellow Label. This feature also helps concern the taste for a longer period of time, during the usage of the product.The secondary container, which is the more important aspect of packaging, is distinctive yellow in color, with the Lipton label boldly emblazoned on all faces of the box. In this severe competitive environment, packaging has to perform many sales tasks right from attracting attention to the product, to describing the product and making the sale.In the case of Lipton Yellow Label, the name of the product is also mentioned, along with the claim International Quality No. 1. The product weight is mentioned and on both the sides, there are directions for preserving the freshness of the product inside. On the top odd hand corner,there is also a mention of the newer and richer product. However, there is no mention of the best before or expiry date anywhere on the pack.Two major changes have been introduced in the packaging of Lipton Yellow Label recently. The package size has been downgraded from 250 grams to 200 grams, and the 125 gram pack has been downgraded to speed of light grams. The prices have also been correspondingly reduced. This is so because it caters to people with all sorts of income groups. Therefore, consumers with low levels of dis posable income will find it cheaper to purchase a smaller packet, which now also costs less.History Of Lipton Yellow Label Television Advertising Themes A brief history of the advertising of Lipton Yellow Label since the merger with Lever Brothers Pakistan is given as follows.1985 The purpose of the advertisement was to induce trial of Lipton Yellow Label. The advertisement showed different nationalities of different Lipton Yellow Label consumers to depict the international nature of the product. The tag line for advertisement was aazmaiey, aap bhi maan Jainist gay.1986 The theme continued with the purpose of attracting new consumers. Taste and satisfaction were the two key words used in the advertisements with the added emphasis on Lipton Yellow Label being an international brand of high quality. The tag line aazmaiey, yaqeenan aap bhi maan jain gay.1987 Quality number one was the slogan used, along with mention of taste and aroma being the best. The tag line was quality number o ne chai.1988 Celebrity marketing concept was used with yesteryear take aim actress, Nayyer Sultana. Emphasis was on brand loyalty to Lipton Yellow Label due to consistency of quality standards and emotional attachment to Lipton Yellow Label. Emotional memories of good times were associated with Lipton Yellow Label for the first time. There was a shift in advertising theme from convincing consumers of quality, to emphasis on maintenance of quality standards. The tag line was hamesha wohi zayka, acchi yaadon key tarha.1989 The shift in the advertising theme i.e. that Lipton Yellow Label has maintained its quality standards over time, which is why consumers prefer it was continued with the same celebrity. The tag line was Lipton Yellow Label.1990 Nayyer Sultana appeared for the third time in the Lipton Yellow Label advertisement. The theme this time was that Lipton Yellow Label is not simply for the celebrity but for everyone. The tag line this time was Lipton key Yellow Label.1991 -92 The celebrity-marketing concept was continued, but this time with Nazia Hassan and Zohaib Hassan. The choice for much younger celebrities was to appeal to the new generation of consumers. A total of three ads were made with the same celebrities in the same time period.Tag line was sab say acchi hai.1993-94 For the first time the functional benefit was promoted as, double chamber tea bags were launched. The design of the tea bag was advertised to convey the message of more taste and flavor from a single tea bag. The tag line was Simply the best.1995-97 A new first was that the advertisement was both in Urdu and English languages once again, the international consumption of Lipton Yellow Label from all walks of life was depicted. The tag line was Sign of good taste. The same tag is still in use since then.Lipton Yellow Label launched boil-o-bag, which conveyed convenience of use. A 300g plastic jar for introducing was introduced for the benefit of consumers as it had crack pac king than ordinary jars and would maintain the freshness of tea.1998-99 The first advertisement focused on packaging of Lipton Yellow Label, specifically the improved seal of Lipton Yellow Label tea packets that results in better quality, taste and smell and therefore, moresatisfaction.Joint promotion was advertised on regional basis, example with Surf Excel, click and everyday. An advertisement comparing the attributes of Lipton Yellow Label and other teas showed that consumers overwhelmingly preferred Lipton Yellow Label because of its taste. Another word promotion of Lipton Yellow Label and Brooke Bond Supreme was advertised to convey the reduction in packet sizes, which represented lower prices for consumers.Problem Faced By Lipton Yellow Label Looking at the noncurrent history of Lipton Yellow Label and the current situation at hand, we believe that Lipton Yellow Label is loosing its market to competition. Thus the problem faced by Lipton Yellow Label for decline in sales esp ecially in Karachi and Multan regions are The image of Lipton Yellow Label in the eyes of the consumers is that it is too premium a brand for them thus the result being that the consumers cant associate themselves with it. The main competition of Lipton Yellow Label is Tapal Daanedar.Tapal is a domestically based tea company and is gaining market share at the outlay of Lipton Yellow Label in Karachi and Multan with sales being five times higher than Lipton Yellow Label in Karachi. Lipton Yellow Label has tried to penetrate the market of NWFP, but it has failed to do so as the locals prefer loose tea to branded tea. Although Lipton Yellow Label is advertising heavily, they are not able to generate the end-user demand. Tea advertising presently done by Lipton Yellow Label is not coming out as aggressively as it should considering the fact that Lipton Yellow Label is the market leader in branded tea market.